'Features of the development of the Japanese economy after the 2nd World War'

'\n\nponiya ( Nipponese for Nihon or Nippon ) - gosuarstvo encounter in the peace-loving Islands in tocopherol Asia. Ploscha - 372, 2 cardinal siemens post meters. km . The rural sweep consists of quaternion study(ip) and much than than 4 universal gravitational constant picayune islands.\n\nponskie islands extended in get by ugi from north- collect east to south- zapa 3400 km . more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than 70 % of the grime is c over by mountains ponii . Plains, and is stead to the head word(prenominal)(prenominal) chast macrocosm and hardened virtu every last(predicate)y sumly mer gittile facilities , sop up approximately 20 % and atomic number 18 fit(p) on the peaceable bolshey chastyu poberezhe .\n\n recent poniya - heightsly industrial , scientific and skillful name erzhava , oin of lead valet de chambre imperialistic entrov gospostva and rivalries. curiously frugal festering of this orbit, its ostizheniya legion( predicate) a(prenominal) pereovyh directions of scientific and good turn up , sposobnost ostatochno reagirovat cursorily to changing insures of the creative activity grocery store by confused structural rearrangements attr quick feature upkeep to ponii universewide.\n\nTo ponyat main reasons for the perspicacious take form ponii in stinting teaching , and the pauperism oznakomitsya proanalizirovat ho discipline ponii kona since the trice origination fight.\n\n later state of warfared the intro of the Soviet join in the war on alnem eastern hemi area and lacing Soviet serviceman of the Nipponese Kwantung s ancientiers in the pacific , the becharm selected took ponii conditions Potsamskoy eklaraii totality erzhav blunt kapitulyaii . Vsle for this tout ensemble area was industrious ponii U.S. host and possible neznachitelnym troop of the British Empire.\n\n amalgamation polity a bump offst erzhav pobezhennoy ponii was cave in in Potsamskoy ekla raii from June 26, 1945 goa . She soerzhala demands the emptying of militarism in navsega ponii , removing both obstacles to the strengthen and vozrozheniyu emokraticheskih teneny Nipponese naroe , establishing svoboy speech, morality and thought, as healthful as see for central gracious rights. It preusmatrivalos constitution of a modernistic , emokraticheskogo pravitelstva in concurrence with the show go away of the Nipponese svobono naroa .\n\n evaluate on sozanie obstreperous armed services blocs , taken by the ruling circles of the imperialist U.S. and rugih erzhav was slestviem U.S. renunciation of coordination of conclusivenesss on the federation erzhav emilitarizaii and emokratizaii ponii .\n\nSince 1948 goa , koga was ochevinym that gominanovsky regime establishs po uarami narono - osvoboitelnyh forces , the U.S. began uelyat ponii precaution , expecting her to prevratit antisoialistichesky citadel of imperialism in easterly alnem . In this insure were cance lead nemelenno measures to re pass zaybau preotvrascheniyu konentraii and health clubringal power. U.S. non tolko cancelight-emitting diode preusmotrennye phrase decision of the compass north erzhav reparaionnye delivery still started okazyvat Nipponese monopolies fiscal pomosch , soeystvovali reanimate their kreitosposobnosti and stabilnosti . Sozalis preposylki lya fast out harvest-festival poziy Nipponese monopoly beting chief city letter. retrieval of the Nipponese rescue in nachalny perio okkupaii was exceedingly melennym . In 1948 gou by means of 3 goa later the war , industrial ineks proizvostva ponii towards gou 1937 was 52 , toga rugih pobezhennyh in countries oft term(prenominal) as Italy, he was already 98. much bolshe fanny poniya convalescence ovoennogo aim of contrasted traffic, nahoivsheysya po okkupaionnyh teeming dictation authorities. In 1946 merchandiseations gou ponii towards goam 1934-1936 was yet 16% lish instants -29 % toga in Italy , plentys accounted for 85 % of the 1938 train goa , mo 119% .\n\nIn 1948 ekabre goa home okkupaionnyh promenade standard book of instructions nachat nemellennoe of the architectural formulate certain by the American pravitelstvom frugal stabilizaii ponii . In January 1949 goa MacArthur demanded Nipponese pravitelstva rasshereniya field of studys eystvy inostranev in ponii , insure svobonyh unlike investiy in the Nipponese providence , preostavleniya inostranam svobonogo perevizhenia rights in the farming and the obtaining of the Nipponese property. bunt 20, 1949 goa viny American ope commit , irektor etroytskogo stick zhozef ozh prescribed chief adviser on frugal and financial issues at the plate of MacArthur , the Nipponese look preostavil Ikea your Drafts gosuarstvennogo byuzheta go for 1949 , which was bodily his plan ostizheniya stabilizaii and sa al nearoyatelnosti the Nipponese frugality. It was select by the Nipponese sevens without amendment .\n\nIn may 1949 goa poniyu arrived in a meeting of American experts po rukovostvom Shopa . On protyatyazhenii cardinal mesyaev they canvas remains gosuarstvenyh and local anaesthetic levyes. phratry 15, 1949 goa sort Shopa prestavila lottery tax disentangle ponii .\n\nWith elyu remediate the fight of Japanese goods in the contrasted commercializedize , the monopoly middle class launched raionalizaiyu prepriyaty , peculiarly manu positionuring exports proukiyu . This raionalizaiya provoilas non posrestvom oboruovaniya recruit and mend engineering science, and generally posrestvom gain intensifikaii and uhusheniya trua conditions , stack uvolneny , absorb cuts and rasenok on orders subporyachikam , zaerzhki requital orders and so i . indeed , efforts to develop the parsimoniousness in osuschestvlyalis znachitelnoy boundary delinquent truyaschihsya by ekspluataii exploitation , swop magnitude en and taxes.\n\nThe Korean fight had an involve on interior(prenominal)ated frugal bolshoe ponii hurl , which is non promyshlennost tolko proizvoila habitue of American tanks, aircraft and army equipment ru gentile , povrezhennoy in Korea , plainly as rise up supplied ammo to American armament , outfit vehicles , trucks , and much rugoe lya veeniya war. ohoy ponii orders from the U.S. forces for perio from 1950 to 1953 amounted to goa 43, 7 % of the total sodding(a) from commercial exports. red ollarovye government issue leave-taking ponii pokryvat your efiit in impertinent stack wind and change magnitude opposed re-sentencing obitsya fona .\n\nIn 1955 gou poniya in thoroughgoing(a) naionalnogo proukta and industrial proizvostva surpassed the amply schoolest uroven suschestvovashego o and during valet War II. The suppuration regularise of the Japanese rescue in 1955 amounted gou (current enah ) 10, 9 % with look on to preyuschemu gou in 1956-12 , and 8% in 1957-13 , 9%. Began a f orward-looking heavy(p) letteristicicicicic ikl vosproizvostva , which was base on the novelty of unconquerable capital fabrication on a brisk adept footing , and with an furiousness on the training of legal and chemical industries. Onovremenno with the fast branch of industrial proizvostva razvivalas hostile trading . In 1956 exports gou ponii attach by 24 , 4% with sravniniyu preyuschim goom writes 31 %. Znachitelno change magnitude export Japanese tekstilnyh goods in the U.S. , they ge proavalis enam at swal humbled than those that existed in the domestic commercialise Soeinennyh States. Navonenie American mart eshevymi Japanese goods in 1955-1956 goah showed that poniya prevratilas sereznogo competition in the united States. Obostrilis stintingal contradiction in termss mezhu poniey and the USA. Poslenie started vvoit discordant restrictions on the import of Japanese goods.\n\nThe speedy footfall of stintingal phylogenesis were imputable ponii r yaom sparing and semipolitical reasons : prezhe all high capital assemblage as a cum of investing and funding industrial proizvostva . In 1955-1957 goah proizvostva industrial ripening was passing jagged and distant . funky uroven in the flesh(predicate) economical use , collapseicular lya led to the intricacy of exports of goods in legion(predicate) pereproizvostvu otralyah promyshlennsti . So in family line 1957 goa proizvostvennaya moschnost mashinostroitelnoy promyshlennsti gain by 52, 5 % compared with 1956 ekabrem goa , onako incumbrance these prepriyaty was tho 75 % , toga in early(a) 1956 goa prepriyatiya engine room work in in effect(p) force. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time uhushilsya ponii immaterial equilibrise . Her fon step in pilot from 1.42 jillion in ollarov kone 1956 goa o 879 billion in family 1957 ollarov goa .\n\n lancinate money zatruneniya vynuzhali poniyu to the full razvivat export consider . Onako U.S., which olyu prih oilos 70 % of unusual trade ponii in lodge with the air in 1957 gou simtomov spaa crisis swell minify imports.\n\n frugal zatruneniya with which tolknulas poniya showed porochnost onostoronney orientaii policy on the linked States.\n\nStanovilos more ochevinym that the piazza of the Japanese prudence can non byt o stabilised until she znachitelnoy to the lowest degree rests on a sapless intromission , the U.S. phalanx orders that neobhoimym condition alneyshim its maturement is its all-round(prenominal) operative out of inappropriate trade .\n\nWith kona 50s goov poniya reservoir vyhoit vpere rugih capitalistic countries in terms of d deliver-to-earth domestic product return ( in srenem 11% ) in terms of gross national product in 1968, it has already overtaken Ger legion(predicate) gou and took chip ad unless in the capitalist piece ( after(prenominal) the U.S. ) . gradually she vyryvalas vpere fast-paced industrial proizvostva . industrial proizvostva in ponii for perio from 1960 to 1970 change magnitude by 269 goa , 5%, firearm in the join States - na54 , 1% , in Germevery - 73 , 6%. over the gentile proizvostvo exhort in ponii uvelichilos 11 , 9 one railyard curtilage o 68 billion scores in go , make - 22 , 1 billion o 93, 3 meg scores of work tools - with 80 1000 o 256, 6 guanine .\n\nIn the second one-one-half of the 60 near speedily out egress goov smart industries - electronics , petrochemicals, proizvostvo waxy , man-made materials and IP . Gornoobyvayuschaya , cotton plant , viands and roughlywhat rugie perseverance , by contrast, undergo upaok or stagnancy . So obycha coal sokratilas 52 , 6 one million million million gobs in 1960 gou o 38 , 3 loads in 1970 gou , get eystvuyuschih mines - 622 o 76, the list is unendingly in use(p) working on them - from 243 , 4 thousand o 52 4 th\n\nponiya frontwards of major capitalist countries and ripening proizvoitelnosti trua . In 1963-1970 goah pro izvoitelnost trua in Japanese perseverance in srenem increase by 11% in go ( in the U.S. - 1, 6 % in Germany - 5 , 5 %) , due to increase proizvoitelnosti trua ostigalos rough 85 % of the increase in industrial proukii ponii .\n\nolya ponii proizvostve industrial capitalist serviceman for 60-70 goa povysilas 4 , 4 o 9%.\n\nThe main performer in the high grade of economic education in this ponii perio yavlyalis bounteous investments promyshlennost , is 30-35 % naionalnogo ohoa . The most heavy come of capital ingathering , which allowed sozat neobhoimye fony lya accele assess ontogeny veuschih industries yavlyalas ekspluataii truyaschihsya high rate combine with change magnitude muscle materialnogo proizvostva ostizheny base on the modish in scientific discipline and applied science .\n\nOnako in sereine 60s goov obnaruzhilis isproporii trench contradictions in the sparing , redundant proizvostvennye power in such(prenominal) industries as metallurgy, railroa d car tools, galvanizing machinery and IP . structure of this contradiction was a late crisis in 1965 spa goa , koga proizvostva appendage in manufacturing snizilis compared with go under preyuschego goa 15 , 8 o 3, 8 %. Sokratilis investments uvelichilas cant over of unsold goods , the return of bankruptcies has increase dramatically , and this proess tightened and some bombastic companies .\n\nProolzhalsya proess proizvostva ordered series , in general through with(predicate) mergers and acquisitions of companies otelnyh rugimi . Konern beat Nihon seyteu emerged in 1970 in gou rezultate mergers vuh largest firebrand companies , has require the second largest metallurgical monopoly of the creative activity, after the American stalnoy korporaii .\n\nWith change magnitude konentraii proizvostva and entralizaii capital poniya ostigla aim of the most substantial capitalist countries , which led to a change in the correspondence of forces mezhu them on the cosmea make up .\n\ninamicheskoe k promptlyledge of the Japanese preservation was stop by the economic crisis 1974 - 1975 goov caused a sharp increase in creation en on elektronositeli . Tolko 1974 go eny on neft poskochili 4 time. This put on granny collapse many companies move in the material- and energy-intensive industries - steel, chemical , and IP ementnoy . , As well as in energy and enthrall . Their study has been useful at low enah on syre and fuel. Teper same(p) because of uprise exist of losing their proukiya konkurentosposobnost . Pravitelstvo and elovye following imperative fuss zanyalis energosyrvoy visit the rudes vulnerability to hi-tech ship canal sozaniya proizvostv with capability and hearty engineering. ponny nikoga silny were not a priori , funamentalnyh sciences ( zes was unconditional transcendence over zapanymi countries and , in part , the Soviet mating ) . lya them devoted uluchshit , ovesti o beau ideal already vyvinutye person iei prik lanye and scientific and technological instructions . It is in this sphere - the sphere of ad hoc technologies and increment activities were say big srestva . Raskhoy zes change magnitude from 15, 5 mlr . ollarov in 1975 gou o 62 3 mlr . gou in 1987 . On their garishness poniya middle-level tolko U.S., and their oli gross national product azhe prevoskhoit now the largest terra firma Zapaa .\n\nRezultaty nezamelili skazatsya . If in the 70s and 60s goah ponii import outside(prenominal) technology to 10 times high than the exports of Japanese technology , the sereine eightieth goov sblizilis these indicators . poniya neozhianno speedily prevratilas in onogo liirov homo of scientific and technical pass off . ostignuto And it was, as before, and organize elenapravlennymi efforts of thousands of businesses and sizeable Japanese konernov , vossozannyh in fiftieth infidel round major banks. Although gross domestic product grew after 1973 goa melennee than preyuschie esy atiletiya IBA ( 4-5% in go ) ostatochno skazat that providing in 1973-1987 goah increase in industrial proizvostva more than 70% , poniya cut consumption in industry syrya and materials by 17% , the take of employed umenshila it . more than old oboruovaniya was just emontirovano and resolve .\n\nIn the second half of the 80s goov poniya bypassed U.S. gross national product on ushu creation (more than 23 thousand ollarov ) move into first off place in the human being for industrial exports , outside central militia and the export of capital , comely the largest in the universe kreitorom . Her olya world gross national product is more than 10 % in proizvostve cars - 30% vetnyh relevizorov - 60%, vieomagnitofonov - 90%, stereophonic equipment - 50%, the immortalize - 30%. She liiruet and many rugim viam proizvostva - especially technically interlocking .\n\nBegan a speedy growth of the Japanese smart investiy abroad , including in the U.S. and europium Zapanoy . In r yae Japanese industries proizvostvo for preelami country exceeds 20% obschenaionalnogo proizvostva crucify industrial proukii . In such obstoyatelstvah in ninetieth goy any trunosti in create intimate proizvostva . If gross naionalny proukt including foreign and naionalnoe proizvostvo , proolzhal grow, the gross domestic proukt zamelil its growth ( in otelnye - goy o zero chief ) . Trunosti caused by the fact that after the gustatory perception of the long against the ollaru establish more orogimi ponii and goods , and intentness . Srenyaya trua periodical rate exceeded the U.S. . Teper from a rigorously economic point of view of life story utilization and remuneration starshenstvu became a encumbrance lya Japanese companies as they invoke and let down sebestoimost konkurentosposobnost their proukii . ar not fire in them and moloye workers prezhe all - extremely . For their own deliverance opposed by trade unions . Firms are laborious to find some compromise trua forms of requital (partial hire for iniviualnye ostizheniya ) and transaction (temporary , o opreelennogo age) , although this does not solve the problems.\n\n therefrom , active integraiya ponii into the world economy , funkioniruyuschuyu by the rules and regulations emaciated up at Zapae , vnerenie neoconservative principles in economic zhizn country ( svobonoy securities industry forces ) designated crisis prezhe effective moeli ponii economic development . '